| Dates | Characters | Theories and discoveries |
| 1304 | Theodoric of Freibourg | Experiments to investigate rainbows |
| 1320 | William of Occam | Occam’s Razor |
| 1355 | Jean Buridan | Physics of impetus |
| 1440 | Nicolas Cusanus | Earth is in motion |
| 1440 | Nicolas Cusanus | Infinite universe |
| 1450 | Johann Gutenberg | First printing press in Europe |
| 1472 | Johannes Regiomontanus | Observation of Halley’s comet |
| 1480 | Leonardo de Vinci | Description of parachute |
| 1480 | Leonardo de Vinci | Compares reflection of light to reflection of sound waves |
| 1490 | Leonardo de Vinci | Capillary action |
| 1492 | Leonardo de Vinci | Foresees flying machines |
| 1494 | Leonardo de Vinci | Foresees pendulum clock |






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