| Dates | Characters | Theories and discoveries |
| 83 | Chinese | Loadstone compass |
| 100 | Bhaskara | Diameter of the Sun |
| 100 | Hero of Alexandria | Expansion of air with heat |
| 100 | Hero of Alexandria | Laws of light reflection |
| 130 | Ptolemy | Geocentric cosmology of epicycles |
| 550 | Johannas Philoponus | Impetus keeps a body moving |
| 890 | Al-Razi | Atomic of matter and space |
| 890 | Al-Razi | Andromeda galaxy |
| 1000 | Al-hazen | Reflection, refraction and lenses |
| 1000 | Al-hazen | Pinhole camera to demonstrate that light travels in straight lines to the eye |
| 1054 | China and Arabia | Supernova of Crab Nebula recorded |
| 1121 | Al-khazini | Gravity acts towards centre of Earth |
| 1155 | Bhaskara | First description of a perpetual motion machine |
| 1225 | Jordanus Nemorarius | Mechanics of lever and composition of motion |
| 1250 | Albertus Magnus | Isolation of arsenic |
| 1260 | Roger Bacon | Empiricism |
| 1267 | Roger Bacon | Magnifying lens |
| 1269 | Pierre de Maricourt | Experiments with magnets and compass |
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